Customer satisfaction and service delivery from X

Introduction The business environment today has become highly competitive. Any business willing to sustain itself through tight competition and impressive profitability, in the long run, has to devote its efforts in attracting new customers as well as retaining existing ones (Hallowell, 1996, p. 27).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Customer satisfaction and service delivery from X-restaurant specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Latest empirical research has demonstrated that the only way businesses can attain above goals is through long term customer satisfaction (Chen Hu, 2010, p.535). It is against this reason that the term customer satisfaction attracted more attention in the last two decades. This paradigm shift in attention was due to benefits associated with customer satisfaction. Additionally, several studies have also supported the hypothesis that customer satisfaction increases price loyalty, posit ive word of mouth advertisement and boosts customer loyalty. Undoubtedly, customer satisfaction can be directly linked to customer retention and growth of a firm’s share in the market (Hallowell, 1996, p. 30). It is against this background that it has become critical for businesses to improve quality of their services since it immensely and positively contributes to customer satisfaction. Service delivery occurs when the service provider and the customer interact. During this interaction, commonly known as service encounter, the customer’s gauge the quality of the service provided and related the experience with the preconceived ideas (Chen Hu, 2010, p.540). If the quality of the service received exceeds the expected outcomes, the customer is usually satisfied. However, if the encountered quality of service falls below the expected, dissatisfaction is inevitable (Chen Hu, 2010, p.546). The type of service encounter that a customer experience is what leads to either s ervice failure or success. Previous researches in the service industry have identified several characteristics that customers use to gauge the quality of service being offered. To begin with, customers are concerned with the timeliness and convenience of the service. A case-specific study in the restaurant industry showed that customers are concerned with time taken to receive their orders.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Likewise, studies in the service industry like mail delivery shows customers will be dissatisfied if the provider does not dwell on timeliness and convenience (Chen Hu, 2010, p.537). Secondly, customers are more concerned with personal attention they receive from a company’s employee during service delivery (Chen Hu, 2010, p.538). They will also gauge the level of employee competence and professionalism as well as responsiveness incase of a query or a problem. Finally, availability, reliability and dependability of the service are key determinants in customer satisfaction (Chen Hu, 2010, p.538). Hallowell (1996, p. 42) adds that time factors is the most important aspect that determines customer satisfaction in this fast-paced environment. According to Hallowell (1996, p. 38), any business willing to survive in the cut-throat competitive business environment should consider improving the above factors. This is because the negative effects of customer dissatisfaction can have disastrous effects on a business. Chen and Hu (2010, p.542) add that a dissatisfied customer tends to complain mainly to friends and other acquaintances, thus creating a negative corporate image. This negative publicity through the word of mouth will impact on a business negatively since it dissuades other potential customers from that particular service provider. The strong correlation between customer satisfaction and loyalty is what has led ma rketers to design slogans that exemplify the same (Chen Hu, 2010, p.558). As aforementioned, customers want to be appreciated and the above marketing strategy is one way of communicating the same to existing and potential customers. Literature in marketing classifies customer loyalty under two distinct categories. The first distinction is where customer loyalty is viewed as an attitude (Hallowell, 1996, p. 27-42). The attitude of an individual is what creates emotional feelings that are responsible for detaching or attaching the person to the product or service. That positive attachment is what breeds to customer loyalty (Hallowell, 1996, p. 28). The second distinction is that which treats customer loyalty as behavioral. Hallowell (1996, p. 28) relates the above classification with a situation where a customer after many purchases from a particular provider becomes royal based on the outcome of a past relationship.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Cus tomer satisfaction and service delivery from X-restaurant specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The above literature has exemplified that there is a direct correlation between customer satisfaction and quality of service delivery. The many elements of service delivery impact either negatively or positively on customer satisfaction. Armed with the above information, I will undertake a qualitative research to determine the level of customer satisfaction among X-restaurant customers. Decision and research problem to be addressed The vital role of customer satisfaction to the success of a business is what has led most businesses to focus their effort on analyzing customer satisfaction and dissatisfaction levels (Chen Hu, 2010, p.542). For the last two decades, the business environment has experienced what may be termed as customer service revolution. This revolution came about when marketers realized customer satisfaction as the core of any b usiness (Chen Hu, 2010, p.550). Since then, consultants in business have undertaken researches to determine characteristics that an organization should adopt to attract and retain more customers. As exemplified above, businesses have realized the need to focus on customer satisfaction so as to increase customer loyalty, increase customer base, jump-start their revenues and profits, increase their market share and above all to survive in the competitive world. The focus has shifted from attaining higher profits towards rejuvenating customer experience. Scholars and other interest groups have tried to define the term customer satisfaction. The definition, however, has been very elusive as customer satisfaction levels vary from one situation to another depending on the type of goods or services (Hallowell, 1996, p. 29). Despite the disparities in opinion, customer satisfaction has been viewed as an emotion element that is partly dependent on the customer’s expectation. The vari ability of customer satisfaction levels is what led individual business to conduct customer surveys to determine what their customers want (Chen Hu, 2010, p.548). According to Chen and Hu (2010, p.548), customer surveys are important as the results can act as a guideline in designing the methods of increasing customer experience levels. Numerous case studies have been conducted to investigate the correlation between customer satisfaction and service quality. However, researches that are focused on assessing the same in the restaurant industry have been limited. Further, the few that have been conducted focus on restaurants where the customer goes to the place of service delivery.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This study will be unique as it focuses on customer satisfaction levels and service delivery from X-restaurant that provides outside catering services. The study will analyze quality factors such as food quality, X-restaurant staff responsiveness, timeliness, pricing and complaints response, to find out how they influence customer satisfaction. In addition, depending on the availability of resources, the study will identify the negative attributes that lead to X-restaurant customers’ dissatisfaction. The solution on how the above attributes if any will be provided. Significance of the study This study is important since collected data will shed light on the attributes that influence customer satisfaction in outside catering restaurant business. As exemplified, studies that explore a similar topic as the one being studied are very limited; hence, the results of the study will contribute positively to the literature. The study’s finding will create awareness to the manag ers of X-restaurant on whether their service is eliciting the desired outcomes. Assuming high levels of customer dissatisfaction are identified, the information on what makes the customer dissatisfied can be used to modify the element of service delivery. Research objectives Main objective To investigate customer satisfaction level with the services provided by X-restaurant. Specific objectives To establish the link between customer satisfaction and quality service delivery. To determine what elements of service delivery leads to customer satisfaction To investigate what elements of service delivery makes X-restaurant customers to be dissatisfaction To determine the effects customer satisfaction/dissatisfaction on X-restaurants profits To find out what elements of service delivery the customers of X-restaurant customer would like to be improved To investigate the impact of customer satisfaction/dissatisfaction levels on X-restaurant image Research hypothesis The research questio ns highlighted above will be answered under one broad hypothesis. Hypothesis 1: Customer satisfaction is dependent on quality and reliability of the service Many empirical studies have focused on the relationship between customer satisfaction and reliability of the expected service. These studies have concluded that reliability of service affected customer service either negatively or positively. Reliability is gauged on whether the provider delivers the service, both in an accurate and dependable manner (Hallowell, 1996, p. 34). Customers will gauge service delivery based on their perception of what they consider to be accurate, dependable and consistent (Hallowell, 1996, p. 32). The results will either qualify or disqualify the above hypothesis. The finished research study is expected to include an abstract, introduction, literature review, methodology, findings and discussions as well as conclusion Methodology This research study will give emphasis on the analysis of customer sat isfaction based on the level of service they receive from X-restaurant. The factors that lead to the satisfaction or dissatisfaction will also be analyzed. To achieve the above goals, data for analysis will be obtained from primary and secondary sources. The primary sources data will be obtained from respondents using primary data collection methods. For primary data collection, both qualitative and quantitative approaches will be applied. The combination of the above approaches is necessary since each will cover limitations of the other (Hallowell, 1996, p. 38). The qualitative approach to be employed will be in the form of surveys. Customer surveys will be conducted by use of questionnaires. On, the other hand, secondary data will be obtained from literature materials published in scholarly publications. The published materials will be consulted to obtain the information necessary for designing the data collection materials. To gain more understanding on the factors that affect cu stomer satisfaction, journals and books on customer perception will be reviewed. Research Plan The proposed research will be undertaken within a period of one month. This is due to the fact that the study will be limited in scope as it will only explore customer satisfaction with the quality of service they receive from an outside catering restaurant X. The first week will be dedicated to carrying out research to identify restaurant businesses that offered outside catering services. The goal is to identify more than 10 businesses to enable random sampling. The following week will be dedicated towards distribution of data collection materials to the customers of the identified restaurant. The data collection materials will be administered to the identified customers to measure their perception of the quality of service they received from the said businesses. After data collection, data analysis will be commenced in the following week. The collected data will be measured against the r elevant data from previous researches. This will assist in results interpretation and discussion of the same. The data analysis and results interpretation task will be combined with final presentation of the findings. It is expected that with the availability of the needed resources in terms of literature, personnel and finances, the research will be completed successfully within the timeline identified. There are quite a number of limitations and opportunities that are likely to be encountered when conducting this research study on customer satisfaction. The limitations which may be encountered evolve around primary research. For instance, honesty and thoroughness of the answers in the questionnaires will be an area of concern. Some responses given by the participants may not thorough or honest enough. Another limitation will be in relation to the interviews; it may be cumbersome to obtain the right respondents for the interviews, especially if adequate time and financial resources is not allocated to the study. For the secondary research methodology, some of the challenges that may be inevitable include outdated sources, and the confidentiality of certain reference materials that require authentication before accessing the data. References Chen, P. Hu, H. 2010. â€Å"How determinant attributes of service quality influence customer-perceived value: An empirical investigation of the Australian coffee outlet industry†, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 22 (4): 535 – 551. Hallowell, R. 1996. â€Å"The relationships of customer satisfaction, customer loyalty, and profitability: an empirical study†, International Journal of Service Industry Management, 7 (4): 27-42. This research paper on Customer satisfaction and service delivery from X-restaurant was written and submitted by user Karlee O. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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Free Essays on Rousseaus Social Contract

What Freedom? One of the most thought provoking ideas in Rousseau’s Social Contract was when he stated that â€Å"Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.† Today, this very same idea still stands true. Everywhere you look, there is an example of a person being tied to, or answering to another. It is sad to think that even though it is our constitutional right to be free, no one can ever be absolutely free. An example of man being in chains could lie within the family. Until most people are 18, they are expected to obey their parents, regardless of how they may feel. Even if a teenager is completely responsible and trustworthy, his parents may decide against something he wants to do, whether it be going to a party or going to the mall to ‘hang out’. It all depends on the type of parents a teenager may have. If this teen decides to do whatever he wants, then his parents will lose a sense of respect and trust for him, even if he did nothing wrong. Sadly, things happen in our world that make it impossible for parents to agree to everything teens want to do. So, in a sense, it is almost society that puts the chains on teenagers. Either way, a lot of teens do not get to experience as much as they would like because of how parents feel about what is going on around them. Another good example of how we are in chains lies inside each and every one of us. We are sometimes held back by our own values and beliefs of the world around us. For instance, a person may feel it necessary to act outside of his usual boundaries, but not do so because he is afraid of how others will view him and how he will feel about himself. If I were to decide I wanted to go to a party, I would feel very uncomfortable because it is not something I do. My beliefs and feelings would interfere with what I want to do, so in a way, I am held back by my own chains. Still, another example lies in the federal and state governments. There ... Free Essays on Rousseaus Social Contract Free Essays on Rousseaus Social Contract What Freedom? One of the most thought provoking ideas in Rousseau’s Social Contract was when he stated that â€Å"Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.† Today, this very same idea still stands true. Everywhere you look, there is an example of a person being tied to, or answering to another. It is sad to think that even though it is our constitutional right to be free, no one can ever be absolutely free. An example of man being in chains could lie within the family. Until most people are 18, they are expected to obey their parents, regardless of how they may feel. Even if a teenager is completely responsible and trustworthy, his parents may decide against something he wants to do, whether it be going to a party or going to the mall to ‘hang out’. It all depends on the type of parents a teenager may have. If this teen decides to do whatever he wants, then his parents will lose a sense of respect and trust for him, even if he did nothing wrong. Sadly, things happen in our world that make it impossible for parents to agree to everything teens want to do. So, in a sense, it is almost society that puts the chains on teenagers. Either way, a lot of teens do not get to experience as much as they would like because of how parents feel about what is going on around them. Another good example of how we are in chains lies inside each and every one of us. We are sometimes held back by our own values and beliefs of the world around us. For instance, a person may feel it necessary to act outside of his usual boundaries, but not do so because he is afraid of how others will view him and how he will feel about himself. If I were to decide I wanted to go to a party, I would feel very uncomfortable because it is not something I do. My beliefs and feelings would interfere with what I want to do, so in a way, I am held back by my own chains. Still, another example lies in the federal and state governments. There ...

A short (c. 1500 words) concept note or description that synthesises Essay

A short (c. 1500 words) concept note or description that synthesises and summarises the key ideas, theories, policies and practi - Essay Example However, they used informal methods of learning which could be different from the current methods that are used. Apparently, the informal education relied on informal ways of learning which were considered social ways of learning. The old people in the society had an obligation to ensure the young generation in the society was learned through informal ways of learning (Sinagatullin, 2006: 12). Though this was at times considered an indigenous way of learning, the young generation was able to get vital teachings from the elders. With continued processes, the generation acquired the required skills in life. This led to development of better ways of teaching and learning which was passed to the next generation. This states the origin of education and how it was influential in the past decades. Globalisation is one aspect that is considered an important aspect that has led to the change from informal education to formal education. Many regions were stuck to their informal ways of educati ng the young generation. In their own thoughts, they were suitable to the upcoming generation. There are several reasons that led to the stagnation of such practices in most areas. First, mobility and immigration was unheard of. People in their ancestral land were locked in such areas and they did not feel the need to move to other places in the world. The people were living in their own way of life, which was comfortable according to their needs. These people did not have information flow from other places of the world, and as such, they did not have a comparison of the outside world. In fact, people believed that their way of life was more suitable than any other. However with the cropping up of the concept of globalisation, many other aspects of life changed. First, globalisation led to exchange of information from other parts of the world. This led to deeper comparisons between places and people felt the need to change their educational standards. For example, many people acquir ed formal information from already developed countries. This would be important in ensuring these countries are developing just like the other countries that are already developed (Zajda, 2010:101). For example, South Africa felt the need to copy the Australian way of education. South Africa was not as developed as Australia and it felt the need to adapt a different form of learning. This would improve the quality of education in South Africa to the standards of the education in Australia. Industrialisation is one of the most savoured outcomes of globalisation, especially in the education sector. The education sector needs motivations to be well equipped (Ben-Peretz, 2009:75). For example, the education sector looks at the outcomes of educating people in a certain sector and implements such education syllabuses. A concrete example is development of syllabuses that will equip people to participate in the industrialisation sector. The educational governing bodies will enhance their sy llabuses when looking for better ways of making an industrialised country. For example, the educational sector developed syllabuses for engineers, managers and other professionals that would equip the country with managers that would run industries. This led to massive improvement in education sector since the syllabuses were welcoming many people that would be professionals. This was only after the cropping up of industries that needed works, labourers and managers. Though the

General Background information about Bayer Health Care company Research Paper

General Background information about Bayer Health Care company - Research Paper Example Instead the mission and vision statement for the Bayer group have been given below. The mission statement, features the slogan â€Å"Bayer: Science for a Better Life,† and summarizes the Group’s goals, strategies and values. The mission statement underscores Bayer’s willingness as an inventor company to help shape the future and our determination to come up with innovations that benefit humankind. Of special importance in this respect are new products emerging from Bayer’s active substance research, the consumer health business, the growth markets of Asia and new areas such as biotechnology and nanotechnology. In the future, Bayer will focus on innovation and growth in the areas of health care, nutrition and high-tech materials. The company is also driven by a set of values that include: A Will to Succeed; A passion for our stakeholders; Integrity, Openness and honesty; Respect for people and nature; Sustainability of our actions. The Bayer Group was founded in 1863 in Germany and is nearly 150 years old in its operations. As mentioned in the introduction, the company is considered a â€Å"blue-chip† company and the Health Care division is considered a very profitable one. All over the world, the name Bayer is synonymous with Trust, Reliability and Responsibility. The company has other divisions as well though the Pharma division is the one that is the most known of the divisions and is the focus of this paper. To quote from the website, â€Å"Headquartered in Leverkusen,  Bayer HealthCare  researches, develops, manufactures and markets innovative products for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases. The company thus plays an important part in improving the health of people and animals. This subgroup comprises four global divisions: Animal Health, Consumer Care, Medical Care (Diabetes Care and MEDRAD) and Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Germany*. Bayer HealthCare has  53,400 employees’ worldwide and generated sales of EUR 15,988

Transient Over Voltages Analysis In Power System Engineering Essay

Transient Over Voltages Analysis In Power System Engineering Essay Transient over-voltage is one of main causes for unscheduled interruption in power transmission and distribution systems including a smart grid. A surge over-voltage due to lightning and switching operation results in damages in an electrical power system and often leads to power outages. Predictive calculations of over-voltages generated by the lightning and the switching operation in the transmission and distribution systems are most essential for an economical insulation design and a reliable operation of the transmission and distribution systems. The transient over-voltage can be high frequency, medium frequency or low frequency. The transient over-voltage is dangerous to both lines as well as the connected equipment and may cause damage to the equipment. This project analyzes the transient at the load after switching. This project will discuss about analyzing a transient over-voltages which is the cause and the effect of the transient over-voltages. The method to solve this tran sient over-voltages also been discussed in this project. The PSCAD simulation is used for the transient analysis in this project to design the power system circuits. Problem Statement Voltage transient in Electric Power System appear several disturbances, sometimes very dangerous for the electrical equipment life, for the environment and for the human life. Switching transient phenomena produce in Power Systems over-voltages, over-currents and electrical fields, which havent to neglect. Thus was modeling and simulated the switching transient phenomena, consequently the electric fields and the possible negative influence about electrical equipment, environment and human life. Voltage transient in power system are cause by switching operation, lightning and faults in the system. The over-voltages can be dangerous to both the lines as well as the connected equipment and may cause damage to the equipment. Purpose of this project is to analyze the transient over-voltages at the load and to identify the method to reduce the effect of transient over-voltages. 1.2 Project Objective The objective of this project is as follows: Identify the effect and the cause of transient over-voltages and also the method to solving transient over-voltages. Simulate the transient over-voltages at the load after switching and design the power system circuits by using PSCAD simulation. Analyze the result after switching and after use pre-insertion resistor. 1.3 Project Scope In order to achieve the objective of this project, there are several scopes had been outlined as follows: Analysis on the distribution system. Generating the transient over-voltages waveform by using PSCAD simulation. The analysis is just focusing into transient over-voltages that occur because of the switching capacitor. Chapter 2 2.0 Literature Review 2.1 Introduction Voltage transients in power systems are caused by switching actions, lightning and faults in the system. Different phenomena create different types of transients. Oscillatory transients are caused mainly by switching phenomena in the network. The most common switching action is capacitor bank switching. The most severe transients are caused by capacitor energizing while capacitor de-energizing only causes a minor transient. Oscillatory transients are characterized by duration, magnitude and spectral content. There are subclasses of oscillatory transients depending on the dominant frequency. In this project it will more focus on switching devices. 2.2 Power System Electric power system is a very important part of the infrastructure of modern society. The power system today is very complex interconnected network. Electric power system is the system that can transform and change the form of the energy into electrical energy and transmit it to consumer. Technology today still cannot store the electricity that has been produced. The electrical energy only produce when needed or it will use after it is produced. As the effect, the management on the electricity becomes hard and difficult. The power system may be subdivided into the four major subsystems which are Generation subsystem, Transmission subsystem, Distribution subsystem and utilize subsystem. Figure 2.1 shows the power system that divided into generation, transmission and distribution. Figure 2.1: The Electric Power System 2.2.1 Generation Subsystem There are two major components in the generation system which is generators and transformers. For generators, an essential component of power systems is the three phase alternating current, ac, generator known as synchronous generator or alternator [1]. The source of the mechanical power, commonly known as the prime mover, may be hydraulic turbines, steam turbines whose energy comes from the burning of coal, gas and nuclear fuel, gas turbines, or occasionally internal combustion engines burning oil [1]. Some alternate sources used are solar power, geothermal power, wind power, tidal power and biomass. The power transformer transfer power with very high efficiency from one level of voltage to another level [1]. The transformer is been used to step up or step down the voltage. Insulation requirements and other practical design problems limit the generated voltage to low value, usually 30 kV. The step up is used for transmission of power. At the receiving end of the transmission lines, step down transformers are used to reduce the voltage to suitable values for distribution or utilization. The electricity in an electric power system may undergo four or five transformations between generator and consumers [1]. 2.2.2 Transmission Subsystem An overhead transmission network transfer electric power from generating units to the distribution system which ultimately supplies the load. It also interconnects neighboring utilities which allow the economic dispatch of power within regions during normal conditions, and the transfer of power between regions during emergencies. The network that interconnected between the utilities and load is called system grid [2]. The transmission line can be categorized into two categories which are high voltage transmission line and sub transmission line system. The difference between these two systems is in the voltage where for the high voltage, the level for transmission line voltage can reach 500kV and for sub transmission are in between 69kV to 138kV. All the transmission will be terminated at the substation [1]. 2.2.3 Distribution Subsystem The distribution system connects the distribution substations to the consumers service-entrance equipment. The voltage for this type of system has been reduced by using step down transformer from 66 kV to 22 kV and below. The secondary distribution network reduces the voltages for utilization by commercial and residential consumers. Lines and cables not exceeding a few hundred feet in length then deliver power to the individual consumers. The secondary distribution serves most of the customers at levels of 240 V for single phase and 415 V for three phases. Distribution systems are both overhead and underground. The growth of underground distribution has been extremely rapid and as much as 70 percent of new residential construction is via underground systems [1]. 2.2.4 Utilization Subsystem The utilities system or power system loads are divided into three main categories which are industrial, commercial and residential. Industrial loads are composite loads and induction motors form a high proportion of these loads [1]. These composite loads are functions of voltage and frequency and form a major part of the system load [1]. On the other hand, commercial and residential loads consist largely of lighting, heating, air conditioning and cooking [1]. These loads are independent of frequency and consume negligibly small reactive power [1]. The load varies throughout the day and power must be available to consumers on demand. The daily-load curve of a utility is a composite of demand made by various classes of users. The greatest value of load during 24 hour period is called the peak or maximum demand [1]. 2.3 Transient Over-voltages Transient is a sudden increase in current or voltage in a circuit that can damage sensitive components and instruments. Transient overvoltages are a voltage peak with a maximum duration of less than one millisecond. It can be high, medium, or low frequency. Transient overvoltages on power system are due to various causes and can be classified into two main categories, external and internal overvoltages [3]. Natural overvoltages on low voltage networks are caused by direct lightning strikes. Lightning is an external overvoltage. The high level of energy contained in a direct lightning strike on a lightning conductor or an overhead low voltage line leads to considerable damage of the installation. The overvoltages can be over 20 times the nominal voltage. Operating or switching overvoltages linked to a networks equipment create overvoltages of a lower level 3 to 5 times the nominal voltage but occur much more frequently, thus causing premature ageing of the equipment. Switching overvol tages is an internal overvoltage. Transient overvoltages are generally oscillatory and take the form of a damped sinusoid. The frequency of these overvoltages may vary from a few hundred Hz to a few kHz and it is governed by the inherent capacitances and inductances of the circuit. 2.2 Switching Capacitor Equipment containing electronic switching components is also likely to generate electrical disturbances comparable to over-voltages. The consequences of which on sensitive equipment, albeit not visible, are no less detrimental: premature ageing and unpredictable or fleeting breakdowns. Operating over-voltages are produced when reactive or capacitive equipment is switched on and off. Furthermore, interrupting factory production, lighting or transformers can generate over-voltages which will themselves cause greater damage to nearby electrical equipment. In general, these over-voltages are caused by transient phenomena which appear when the state of the network is changed by switching operation or fault condition. Example of these over-voltages is switching on and off equipment, such as switching of high voltage reactors and switching of a transformer at no load. The time duration of the switching over-voltages is longer than lightning. This overvoltage is most disastrous to the power system equipments because it happen many time than lightning. Closing, opening, disconnection and re-striking in a power system circuit result in over-voltages six times than the normal voltage. Shunt capacitors banks are common devices used in power system for reactive power compensation, voltage regulation and power factor correction. These capacitors are implemented in the system in order to control system voltage, increase power transfer capability, reduce equipment loading, and reduce energy costs by improving power factor of the system. However, energizing these shunt capacitors produces a transient oscillation in the power systems. Due to the fact that the operation of switching shunt capacitors happens frequently, shunt capacitor switching is regarded as the main source of generating transient voltages on many utility systems. These transients can cause damages on both utility systems and customer systems, depending on the system parameters such as switched shunt capacitor size, transformer size, and the type of customer loads connected to the system. Transient frequencies due to utility distribution capacitor switching usually fall in the range 300 Hz to 1000 Hz. Transient over-voltages which result are usually not of concern to the utility, since peak magnitudes are just below the level in which utility surge protection, such as arresters, begins to operate. However, because of the relatively low frequency, these transients will pass through step-down transformers to customer loads. Secondary over-voltages can c ause voltage magnification or nuisance tripping of adjustable-speed drives. Figure 2.2 show the example of single line diagram of the power system using shunt capacitor. Figure 2.3 show the transient voltage at the switched shunt capacitor. This is the example of the transient in the voltage waveform. Figure 2.4 show the transient voltage at the low voltage capacitor that has been magnetized. Figure 2.2: Example of Single Line Diagram of the Power System Using Shunt Capacitor Figure 2.3: Transient Voltages at the Switched Shunt Capacitor Figure 2.4: Magnified Transient Voltage at the Low Voltage Capacitor 2.3 Pre-Insertion Resistor There are several techniques to mitigation the switching transient in the distribution circuit and one of the techniques that use in this project is pre-insertion resistor. A pre-insertion resistor provides a means for reducing the transient voltages associated with the energization of a shunt capacitor bank. The resistors were connected in series with the controlled capacitor bank to damp the transient inrush current. The resistor is bypassed shortly after the initial transient dissipates, thereby producing second transient event. An additional switch is use to bypass this resistor. The performance of pre-insertion resistor is evaluated using both the insertion and bypass transient magnitudes, as well as the capability to dissipate the energy associated with the event and repeat the event on a regular basis. The size for this resistor was calculated from equation 2.1 and 2.2. The optimum resistor value for controlling capacitor energizing transients depends primarily on the capacito r size and the source strength. The value of the resistor is approximately equal to the surge impedance, Zo, from equation 2.3. R = (2.1) Z = (2.2) Roptimum ≈ Z (2.3) Chapter 3 3.0 Methodology 3.1 Introduction This chapter describes about the step that needed in this project. Figure 3.1 show the block diagram of analysis and figure 3.2 show the flowchart of the process analysis. This block diagram shows the step from the first step of the project which is design the circuit to the final step which is result and analysis. Design Circuit Placing Input and Output Devices Running Simulation Result and Analysis Figure 3.1: The Block Diagram of Analysis In order to get the result from the Power System Computer Aided Design (PSCAD), the user should follow the step as follow in the Figure 3.2. Figure 3.2: Flowchart of Process Analysis 3.2 Design Circuit This is the process to build up the diagram of the circuit for the analysis. The user need to choose and selecting component from master library and put it in the main page where the user will construct the circuit. There are many components with a different type of setting. The user only need to double click on the component to edit or changes the setting and parameter. Project development consists of two parts electronic and software designs. Figure 3.2 show the three phase source that use in this project. This source impedance is type R because resistor connected series with the source. The source in this project is being controlled through fixed parameter. Figure 3.2: Three Phase Source Figure 3.3 show the three phase transformer that use in this project. The type of the transformer is a three phase and two winding transformer. The transformer is connected in star delta connection. Other characteristic for the transformer in this project is the transformer use to step up the voltage. Figure 3.3: Three Phase Transformer 3.3 Placing Input and Output Devices This process is used to get the measurement, signal and waveform of the graph in selecting part or component. The output device must be placed at the point of measurement before plotting can be done on the drawing space. Without this device, the PSCAD cannot create the plotting and the result cannot be obtained. After the circuit had already been executed and there is no error, the output from the circuit or diagram will be obtained. Figure 3.4 shows some of the output and input devices that used in this project. Figure 3.4: The input and output devices 3.4 Running Simulation After complete all the circuit design and placing input and output device, the user need to run the circuit to get the result. To run the simulation the user only need to click on the run button in the main toolbar. Figure 3.5 show the location of run button at the main toolbar. The run toolbar have a green color. When this button is pressed, PSCAD will go through several stages of processing the circuit before starting the EMTDC simulation. Figure 3.5: The run button at main toolbar During the run time, the work will be compiling by the PSCAD. The result or output only will produce if there is no error in the setting of the circuit in the drawing or all connection is connected. If there is an error, the warning will appear at output space. Once the program is no error and running, the graph and also the measurement will be produce depending on the selected node. The user also able to pause and zoomed the graph. 3.5 Graph Calculation The graph give the certain value to calculated the overshoot, resonant frequency and also the curve can be identified as an overdamped, underdamped or critical damped. Equation 3.1 is use to calculate the overshoot. Equation 3.2 is uses to calculate the resonant frequency, ωo. % OS = -100 (3.1) ωo = (3.2) The curve is overdamped if ÃŽ ± is bigger than ωo, underdamped if ÃŽ ± is smaller than ωo and critically damped if ÃŽ ± is equal to ωo. Equation 3.3 to 3.8 shows the step to get a value of ÃŽ ±. Figure 3.6 shows the example of the series RLC circuit. Figure 3.6: The Series RLC Circuit Equation 3.3 is equation for series RLC circuit. Equation 3.4 and 3.5 is a root for quadratic equation for 3.3. ( 3.3) (3.4) (3.5) The root for equation 3.4 and 3.5 can be express to equation 3.6 and 3.7. (3.6) (3.7) From equation 3.4 and 3.6, the value for damping factor, ÃŽ ±, calculated as equation 3.8. (3.8) Chapter 4 4.0 Expected Result The transient over-voltages that occur at the load during capacitor switching will be discuss base on result at all buses in the circuit that will be design before doing the simulations. The discussion is about the voltage waveform when transient over-voltages occur and voltage waveform when the simulations using pre-insertion resistors to reduce transient over-voltages. The results of waveform at all buses that will be obtain from PSCAD simulation will be discuss in term of peak voltage, overshoot and weather that waveform is overdamped, underdamped or critically damped. Figure 4.1 show the voltage waveform that will get during capacitor switching at all buses. Figure 4.2 show the voltage waveform that will get at all buses after simulate it using pre-insertion resistor. The transient will be reduce after doing the simulation using pre-insertion resistor. Figure 4.1: Transient Over-voltage Waveform at Buses. Figure 4.2: Voltage Waveform at Buses after Pre-Insertion Resistor. Chapter 5 5.0 Conclusion In PSM 1 all the literature review regarding this project are been studied so at the end of PSM 1 it can be summarized that the objectives of the project will be fulfilled in the next PSM 2, which is to design the circuit, running the PSCAD simulations and analyze the result that obtain from the PSCAD simulations in term of peak voltage, overshoot and weather that waveform is overdamped, underdamped or critically damped. This progress will need more commitment and efforts. In conjunction to achieve that, scope and objectives of this project will be the guideline.

Disabled By Wilfred Owen Essay example -- English Literature

Disabled By Wilfred Owen In my essay,"Disabled" by Wilfred Owen. I am going to describe how successfully he uses poetic techniques to present the true effects of war in his poem. The main technique used in the poem is contrast, as well as other techniques. Which makes the fate of the young man more pitiful. The use of irony, word choice, and powerful images, all create the sense of atmosphere in each stanza. The contrast of mood and tone is used in the first and second stanza, which creates a change of mood. In the first stanza words like "ghastly" and phrases like, "saddening like a hymn", are used by Owen to create a dull and depressing mood. Which represents the mans present life in which he is stuck in. Then in the second stanza words like "gay" are used to create a mood that is very happy and joyful. Which represented the mans past life, before the injury. Contrast is also related to the irony in the poem. Firstly, before his injury all the girls loved him and were fighting to get their hands on him. One of the main reasons he went to war was to "please his...

My Home Town

Belgrade is my hometown which is the largest city in Serbia and the capital. There are several tourists attraction in my hometown, such as Skadarlija, the National Museum, and across from these attractions you can find the National Theatre, Students Square, the Old Palace and several monuments, parks and other museums. The city’s nightlife is wild and exciting for those who enjoy that type of lifestyle. Many young tourists enter the city for the purpose of enjoying the grand nightlife that Belgrade offers.Very often clubs are still operating until dawn in the city and some of the most popular places of interest is the barges that is spread out by the banks of the Sava and Danube Rivers. Belgrade, Serbia is the home of the main head quarters of the national broadcaster Radio-Television Serbia-RTS. They are currently trying to convert this to a public service broadcaster. You can also find the RTS music publishing operation in my hometown. You can find incredible architectural d esigns in Belgrade. There are still Oriental buildings standing in the city spread out over the city.You can also find more modern styles of designs for buildings and homes, which are just as spectacular. Belgrade has a transport system that consists of trams, trolleybuses and regular buses that carry people across the city. Belgrade, Serbia is the twin city to Chicago, Illinois and I guess you can guess that these two cities have much in common. Both cities are extremely busy and offer the residents and visitors many places to visit. Sports are very popular in my hometown. There are too many sports facilities to count and some have said that there is close to 1,000 facilities where sports are played.My city hosted many great sports events, such as the 2005 European Volleyball Championship, the 2005 Eurobasket and the 2006 European Water polo Championship. In the year 2007, Belgrade Serbia will host the European Youth Olympic Festival and in the year, 2009, they will host the Summer Universaide, which was a huge honor since it was selected over other countries, like Poznan and Monterrey. We have two great football clubs which are Red Star Brigade and FK Partisan, along with other first league clubs. Belgrade houses the Marakana, or the Red Star Stadium, which is a major stadium in the city and we also have the Partizan Stadium.Belgrade is the home of the Belgrade Arena where basketball matches are held. You can also find the Pionir Hall and the Tasmajdan Sports Center, where water polo matches are played. We have two state universities in Belgrade and many private schools throughout our city. One of the oldest educational institutions in our city of Belgrade is the Teacher’s College which dates back to the year, 1689. The economy in Belgrade, Serbia has been getting better since the year, 2000. The internationally imposed Trade Embargo caused the economy to decline for a long period of time, in the 1990s.In Belgrade, you will discover many Serbs, Croats , Muslims, Roma, Yugoslavs and Montenegrins. Many of the residents of Belgrade, came from other countries who were seeking a better way of life for themselves and their families. Some of these people ran from their countries as refugees from war and ethnic cleansing. Belgrade is divided into subdivisions. There are 17 municipalities, 10 that have urban status and seven that have suburban status. You can find that most of the municipalities are located on the southern area of the rivers, which are the Danube and the Sava, located in the Sumadija area of Belgrade, Serbia.Most of these municipalities can be found on the south side of the Danube and Sava Rivers. There are three municipalities, which are the Novi Beograd, the Zemun and the Surcin which can be found on the north side of the Sava River, in the Syrmia area of Belgrade. The municipality of Palilula is located on both banks of the Danube River, which is located in the Sumadija and Banat areas, in Serbia. Belgrade has a modera te, continental climate. The hottest month in Belgrade is July and the second hottest month would be August.In these two months, the sun shines for an average of ten hours a day, unlike the months of December and January, which on receive two to three hours of sunshine per day. My hometown of Belgrade has received many prestigious honors, such as the French Legion of Honor, the Serbian Karadorde’s Star with Swords, the Czechoslovak War Cross and the former Yugoslavian Order of the National Hero. In the year, 2006, Belgrade was awarded the incredible title of â€Å"City of the Future of Southern Europe† by the Financial Times of London. This award was quite an honor for the entire city of Belgrade.